CompletableFuture

Java CompletableFuture is a class introduced in Java 8 as part of the java.util.concurrent package that implements the Future and CompletionStage Interface. It represents a future result of an asynchronous computation that might not be available immediately. It acts like a placeholder for the eventual outcome of an operation that's being executed concurrently by different thread. It provides a way to write asynchronous, non-blocking code in Java, especially when dealing with tasks that might take a long time to complete, such as network requests or database queries.

Advantages:

• Asynchronous Programming: CompletableFuture enables you to execute long-running task/tasks without blocking the current thread. This allows the application to remain responsive and handle other requests while the asynchronous operations are in progress.

• Composable Operations: CompletableFuture provides a vast set of methods to chain together multiple asynchronous operations, forming complex workflows. We can define what happens after a computation finishes successfully (thenApply, thenAccept), what to do if it encounters an exception (exceptionally), and how to combine results from multiple CompletableFutures (allOf, anyOf).

• Improved Error Handling: CompletableFuture offers more complex mechanisms for handling exceptions that arise during asynchronous computations. We can define fallback actions using exceptionally and propagate or chain exceptions using methods like handle.

Some Key Points:

• supplyAsync

supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor): This method initiates an asynchronous task that returns a value of type U. The provided Supplier is executed asynchronously, and the result is wrapped in a CompletableFuture. An optional Executor can be provided to specify the thread pool where the computation will be executed.

• runAsync

runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor): Similar to supplyAsync(), but for tasks that do not return a value. The provided Runnable is executed asynchronously, and the resulting CompletableFuture completes when the task finishes.

The executor parameter is an optional Executor that specifies where the async computation will be executed. If provided, the async computation will be executed on the specified Executor. If not provided, the async computation will be executed on the default ForkJoinPool.commonPool()

Specifying an Executor allows to control the execution context of the async computation. We can use a custom Executor to control factors such as the number of threads, thread priority, or even to execute tasks on a specific thread, providing more control over concurrency and resource utilization in the application.

Example:

// Create a fixed-size thread pool with 5 threads
Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
   // Perform async computation
   return "Result";
}, executor); // Execute the async computation on the custom Executor
// Continue with other tasks...

• thenApply

thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn): This method specifies a function to be applied to the result of the current CompletableFuture when it completes. It returns a new CompletableFuture that holds the result of the function.

• thenAccept

thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action): Similar to thenApply(), but for cases where you want to perform an action (such as printing or logging) on the result without returning a value. It accepts a Consumer that takes the result as input.

• thenCombine

thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn): This method combines the result of the current CompletableFuture with the result of another CompletionStage when both are complete. It applies the specified function to the results of both stages and returns a new CompletableFuture holding the combined result.

• thenCompose

thenCompose(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn): This method applies a function to the result of the current CompletableFuture and returns a new CompletionStage. It's useful for chaining dependent asynchronous tasks where the result of one task determines the execution of another.

What it Does is it -

• Waits for Completion:thenCompose waits for the current CompletableFuture to complete.

• Applies Function: Once the current CompletableFuture finishes, thenCompose applies the provided function (fn) to its result (of type T).

• Chains Another Operation: The function (fn) is expected to return a new CompletionStage<U>. This creates a new asynchronous operation that will be executed after the current one finishes.

• Returns New CompletableFuture: thenCompose returns a new CompletableFuture<U> that represents the result of the chained operation.

• exceptionally

exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn): This method handles exceptions that occur during the execution of the current CompletableFuture. It applies the specified function to the exception and returns a new CompletableFuture with the result of the function, effectively recovering from the exception.

• exceptionallyAsync

exceptionallyAsync(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn): This method is also used for handling exceptions that may occur during the execution of the asynchronous computation. However, it differs from exceptionally in how it handle the execution context (thread) in which the exception handling function is invoked.

exceptionally(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn):

• This method is synchronous, meaning the provided exception handling function (Function) is executed in the same thread where the exception occurred.

• It's suitable for simple exception handling scenarios where the recovery logic is not computationally intensive and does not involve blocking operations.

• The computation of the fallback value happens synchronously, potentially blocking the thread until the recovery logic completes.

exceptionallyAsync(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn):

• This method is asynchronous, meaning the provided exception handling function (Function) is executed in a separate thread from the one where the exception occurred.

• It's suitable for complex exception handling scenarios where the recovery logic might involve heavy computation or blocking operations.

• The computation of the fallback value happens asynchronously, allowing the main program to continue executing other tasks while the recovery logic runs concurrently.

• handle

handle(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn): Similar to exceptionally(), but the function provided can handle both the result and any exception that occurs during the execution of the current CompletableFuture. If an exception occurs during the execution, the handle() function receives the exception object and if no exception occurs, the handle() function receives the result, and we modify it.

• allOf

allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs): This method waits for all of the provided CompletableFutures to complete. It returns a new CompletableFuture that completes when all of the provided CompletableFutures are done, regardless of their individual results.

• anyOf

anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs): This method waits for any of the provided CompletableFutures to complete. It returns a new CompletableFuture that completes when any of the provided CompletableFutures completes, with the result of the first completed CompletableFuture.

• orTimeout

orTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit):This method sets a timeout for the completion of the future. If the future does not complete within the specified timeout duration, it completes exceptionally with a TimeoutException. It's useful when you want to handle the timeout by throwing an exception. The timeout is set on the original CompletableFuture, and if the timeout occurs, the CompletableFuture itself is completed exceptionally.

• completeOnTimeout

completeOnTimeout(T value, long timeout, TimeUnit unit): This method sets a timeout for the completion of the future. If the future does not complete within the specified timeout duration, it completes with the provided value. It's useful when you want to handle the timeout by providing a fallback value instead of throwing an exception. The timeout is set on a new CompletableFuture derived from the original CompletableFuture, and if the timeout occurs, the new CompletableFuture is completed with the specified value, while the original CompletableFuture remains incomplete.

• cancel

cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning): This method cancels the computation associated with the current CompletableFuture, if possible.

• join

join(): This method waits for the completion of the current CompletableFuture and returns its result, blocking if necessary until the result is available.

• get

get(): This method is similar to join() i.e. wait (block) the current thread until the CompletableFuture finishes its execution, but it can throw checked exceptions. It waits for the completion of the current CompletableFuture and returns its result, but it also throws any exception that occurred during the computation, wrapped in a ExecutionException.

get vs join ?

Exception Handling:

• get(): Throws two types of checked exceptions:

  • ExecutionException: If the asynchronous computation running within the CompletableFuture throws an exception.

  • InterruptedException: If the current thread is interrupted while waiting for the CompletableFuture to complete.

• join(): Throws a single unchecked exception:

  • CompletionException: Wraps the original exception that occurred during the asynchronous computation.

Usability in Streams:

• get(): Cannot be used directly within streams due to the checked exceptions it throws. Additional exception handling is required.

• join(): Can be used within streams using method references because it throws an unchecked exception. This makes it more convenient for concise stream operations.

Example:

1. Creating a single CompletableFuture using supplyAsync.

package org.example;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

@Slf4j
public class MainApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {

        // supplyAsync method takes a Supplier<U> function
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            // Perform some async computation
            log.info("Performing some async computation");
            return "Returning the result";
        });

        log.info("Continuing with main process");
        // get method waits if necessary for the future to complete, and then returns its result
        log.info(completableFuture.get());
    }
}

2. Multiple asynchronous operations using supplyAsync.

package org.example;

import lombok.SneakyThrows;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

@Slf4j
public class MainApplication {

    @SneakyThrows
    public static void main(String[] args)  {

        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture_1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            log.info("Performing some async computation with completableFuture_1");
            return "Returning the result with completableFuture_1";
        });

        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture_2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            log.info("Performing some async computation with completableFuture_2");
            return "Returning the result with completableFuture_2";
        });

        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture_3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            log.info("Performing some async computation with completableFuture_3");
            return "Returning the result with completableFuture_3";
        });

        log.info("Continuing with main process");
        CompletableFuture<Void> combinedFuture = CompletableFuture.allOf(completableFuture_1, completableFuture_2, completableFuture_3);
        combinedFuture.get();

        log.info("completableFuture_1 Result: {}", completableFuture_1.get());
        log.info("completableFuture_2 Result: {}", completableFuture_2.get());
        log.info("completableFuture_3 Result: {}", completableFuture_3.get());
    }
}

3. Creating a single CompletableFuture using runAsync.

// runAsync method takes a Runnable function
CompletableFuture<Void> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
    // Perform some async computation
    log.info("Performing some async computation");
});

// Main process continues
log.info("Continuing with main process");

// get method waits if necessary for the future to complete
// Since the computation doesn't return a value, we just wait for it to complete
completableFuture.get();

4. Example using thenApply.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    // Perform some async computation
    return "Hello";
});

// thenApply method applies a function to the result of the CompletableFuture
CompletableFuture<String> futureResult = completableFuture.thenApply(result -> result + " World");

log.info("Continuing with main process");
log.info(futureResult.get());

5. Example using thenAccept.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    // Perform some async computation
    return "Hello";
});

// thenAccept method performs an action on the result without returning a value
CompletableFuture<Void> futureResult = completableFuture.thenAccept(result -> log.info(result + " World"));

// Waits for the action to complete
futureResult.get();

6. Example using thenCombine.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");
CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "World");

// thenCombine method combines the results of two CompletableFutures
CompletableFuture<String> futureResult = completableFuture1
        .thenCombine(completableFuture2, (result1, result2) -> result1 + " " + result2);

log.info(futureResult.get()); // Prints "Hello World"

7. Example using thenCompose .

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");

// thenCompose method applies a function that returns a new CompletionStage
CompletableFuture<String> futureResult = completableFuture1
        .thenCompose(result -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> result + " World"));

log.info(futureResult.get()); // Prints "Hello World"

8. Example using orTimeout and exceptionallyAsync

package org.example;

import lombok.SneakyThrows;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

@Slf4j
public class MainApplication {

    @SneakyThrows
    public static void main(String[] args)  {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> getSomeDataFromExternalService())
                .orTimeout(7, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .exceptionallyAsync(ex -> {
                    log.error("Some error occurred");
                    return "Some fallback value";
                });
        // exceptionallyAsync method handles the exception and provides a fallback value
        log.info("Response: {}", completableFuture.get());
    }

    static String getSomeDataFromExternalService() {
        log.info("Fetching data from external service");

        throw new RuntimeException("Got some exception");
    }
}

9. Example using exceptionally.

@SneakyThrows
public static void main(String[] args)  {
    CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(MainApplication::getSomeDataFromExternalService)
            .exceptionally(ex -> {
                log.error("Some error occurred");
                return "Some fallback value";
            });
    // exceptionally method handles the exception and provides a fallback value
    log.info("Response: {}", completableFuture.get());
}

static String getSomeDataFromExternalService() {
    log.info("Fetching data from external service");
    throw new RuntimeException("Got some exception");
}

10. Example using orTimeout.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(5000); // Simulate a long-running computation
        return "Result";
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        return "Interrupted";
    }
}).orTimeout(2000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

try {
    log.info("orTimeout result: {}", completableFuture.get());
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.info("orTimeout exception: {}", e.getMessage()); // Will throw a TimeoutException
}

11. Example using completeOnTimeout.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(5000); // Simulate a long-running computation
        return "Result";
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        return "Interrupted";
    }
}).completeOnTimeout("Fallback Value", 2000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

try {
    log.info("completeOnTimeout result: {}", completableFuture.get());
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.info("completeOnTimeout exception: {}", e.getMessage()); // Will print "Fallback Value"
}

12. Example using handle.

// Example CompletableFuture that can throw an exception
CompletableFuture<Integer> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    // Simulate an exception
    throw new RuntimeException("Exception occurred");
}).handle((result, exception) -> {
    if (exception != null) {
        log.info("Exception occurred: {}", exception.getMessage());
        return 0; // Fallback value in case of exception
    } else {
        return (Integer) result * 2; // Modify the result
    }
});

log.info("Result: {}", completableFuture.get()); // Prints "Result: 0" because of the exception

13. Example using allOf.

CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Result 1");
CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Result 2");
CompletableFuture<String> future3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Result 3");

CompletableFuture<Void> allFutures = CompletableFuture.allOf(future1, future2, future3);

allFutures.get(); // Waits for all futures to complete

log.info("All futures completed successfully");

14. Example using anyOf.

CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(2000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return "Result 1";
});

CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return "Result 2";
});

CompletableFuture<Object> anyFuture = CompletableFuture.anyOf(future1, future2);

log.info("First future completed: {}", anyFuture.get()); // Waits for any future to complete

15. Example using cancel.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    try {
        log.info("Started Processing something");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        log.info("Processing completed");
        return "Result";
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        return "Exception occurred";
    }
});

// Attempt to cancel the computation
// true indicates that interrupt should be sent to the thread if it's running
boolean cancelled = completableFuture.cancel(true);

log.info("Computation cancelled: {}", cancelled);
// Check if the computation was successfully cancelled before retrieving the result
if (!cancelled) {
    log.info("Result: {}", completableFuture.get()); // Prints "Result" if not cancelled
} else {
    log.info("Computation was cancelled, no result available");
}

16. Example using get and join.

CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
    throw new ArithmeticException();
});

// Using get()
try {
    String result = completableFuture.get(); // Throws checked exceptions (InterruptedException, ExecutionException)
    log.info("Result using get(): {}", result); // Will not be printed
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    log.info("Exception occurred: {}", e.getMessage());
}

// Using join()
try {
    String result = completableFuture.join(); // Throws unchecked exceptions (CompletionException)
    log.info("Result using get(): {}", result); // Will not be printed
} catch (CompletionException e) {
    log.info("Exception occurred: {}", e.getMessage());
}

Use Cases:

When we have a list of account IDs and want to fetch the balance with the help of those IDs by calling external API parallelly.

package org.example;

import lombok.SneakyThrows;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;

@Slf4j
public class MainApplication {

    @SneakyThrows
    public static void main(String[] args)  {

        List<String> accountIdList = List.of("Account1", "Account2", "Account3", "Account4", "Account5");
        var balanceTask = accountIdList
                .stream()
                .map(MainApplication::getBalance)
                .toList();

        log.info("Main process continues");
        CompletableFuture.allOf(balanceTask.toArray(new CompletableFuture[balanceTask.size()])).get();

        for (CompletableFuture<String> balance : balanceTask) {
            log.info("Balance: {}", balance.get());
        }
    }

    static CompletableFuture<String> getBalance(String accountId) {
        // Fetch the balance by calling some external api
        return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            log.info("Calling some External API to fetch balance for {}", accountId);
            return "BalanceFor" + accountId;
        });
    }
}